Jing and Jang White Background No Circle Clip Art

Philosophical concept of dualism in ancient Chinese philosophy

"Ying Yang" redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.

Yin Yang
The Two Aspects of Taiji (太極兩儀) besides known as the Yin-yang symbol; Yin-dark on the correct and yang-light on the left
Chinese proper name
Traditional Chinese	陰陽
Simplified Chinese	阴阳
Literal meaning	"nighttime-light"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang Wade–Giles yin1-yang2 IPA [ín.jǎŋ] Hakka Romanization yim1-yongtwo Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization yām-yèuhng Jyutping jam1-joeng4 IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ] Southern Min Hokkien POJ im-iông Middle Chinese Center Chinese 'im-yang Old Chinese Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Vietnamese proper name
Vietnamese	Âm dương
Hán-Nôm	陰陽
Korean name
Hangul	음양
Hanja	陰陽
Transcriptions Revised Romanization eumyang McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Арга билэг
Mongolian script	ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Japanese name
Kanji	陰陽
Hiragana	いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
Transcriptions Revised Hepburn in'yō, on'yō, onmyō

In Aboriginal Chinese philosophy, yin and yang ( and ; Chinese: 陰陽 yīnyáng pronounced [ín jǎŋ], lit. "dark-calorie-free", "negative-positive") is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rising to each other as they interrelate to one another.^[one] In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a principal chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of Yin and Yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and Yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the almanac cycle (winter and summer), the mural (north-facing shade and due south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female person and male person), the germination of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).^[two]

There are various dynamics in Chinese cosmology. In the cosmology pertaining to Yin and Yang, the material free energy, which this universe has created itself out of, is also referred to equally qi. It is believed that the system of qi in this cosmology of Yin and Yang has formed many things.^[3] Included amidst these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such equally low-cal and night, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,^[four] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung), too equally appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be institute in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term "dualistic-monism" or dialectical monism has been coined in an endeavour to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be idea of equally complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.^[v] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for example, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more than strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the ascertainment. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a remainder betwixt two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions betwixt good and bad, forth with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, non existent; and so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, almost notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.^[6]

Linguistic aspects [edit]

These Chinese terms yīn 陰 "black side" and yáng 陽 "white side" are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters [edit]

"Yin-yang" in seal script (top), Traditional (eye), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters

The Chinese characters 陰 and 陽 for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component "mound; hill" radical 阝(graphical variant of 阜) with the phonetic components jīn 今 (and the added semantic component yún 云 "pictographic: cloud") and yáng 昜. In the latter, yáng 昜 "bright" features 日 "sun" + 示 + 彡 "The rays of the sunday".

Pronunciations and etymologies [edit]

The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of 陰 is usually the level beginning tone yīn "shady; cloudy" or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn "to shelter; shade" while 陽 "sunny" is always pronounced with rising 2d tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists take reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th-seventh centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Former Chinese have illuminated the etymology of mod Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and One-time Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn 陰 and yáng 陽 :

• ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)^[7]
• *ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)^[8]
• ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)^[9]
• ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)^[10]
• 'im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)^[eleven]

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.

Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔum^C "overcast; cloudy", Adi muk-jum "shade", and Lepcha and so'yǔm "shade"; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ 黯 "dim; gloomy" and qīn < *khəm 衾 "coating".

Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ "reflecting lite", Burmese laŋ^B "be bright" and ə-laŋ^B "light"; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *thousand-hlaŋ 昌 "prosperous; bright" (compare areal words similar Tai plaŋ^A1 "brilliant" & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋ^B ). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes 炳 bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ "brilliant"; however Schuessler reconstructs 炳 bǐng'due south Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides 亮 liàng < *raŋh 爽 shuǎng < *sraŋʔ "twilight (of dawn)"; míng < *mraŋ 明 "bright, go light, enlighten"; owing to "the unlike OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological part".^[12]

Meanings [edit]

Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis'southward ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Lexicon gives the following translation equivalents.^[13]

Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; curtained; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ due north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ opposite side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous

Yang 陽 or 阳 — Leap morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] positive/agile/male principle in nature, ② the dominicus, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ due south side of a loma, ⑨ north bank of a river

The chemical compound yinyang 陰陽 ways "yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc."

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin 陰 "shady side (of a mountain)" and yang 陽 "sunny side (of a mount)" with the uncommon English language geographic terms ubac "shady side of a mount" and adret "sunny side of a mountain" (which are of French origin).^[fourteen]

Toponymy [edit]

Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang "sunny side" and a few contain yin "shady side". In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face up of a mountain or the north bank of a river volition receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the "southward side of a hill" in Hengyang 衡陽 , which is s of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the "north bank of a river" in Luoyang 洛陽 , which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to "due north side of a colina" in Huayin 華陰 , which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the northward-side San'in region 山陰 from the south-side San'yō region 山陽 , separated by the Chūgoku Mountains 中国山地 .

Loanwords [edit]

English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:

yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, common cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative free energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal earth into beingness. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.

b. Comb., equally yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a night and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a 'seed' of the other.

yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized past light, warmth, dryness, action, etc.) of the ii opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal earth into beingness. Besides attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.

b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded "yin and yang" usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,^[xv] 1850 for yin-yang,^[sixteen] and 1959 for yang-yin.^[17]

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a fault or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— notwithstanding they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. "strange silver") "silver money/dollar", only not fifty-fifty the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin * 陽陰 . While yang and yin can occur together in context,^[18] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term "irreversible binomial" refers to a collocation of two words A-B that cannot exist idiomatically reversed as B-A, for example, English true cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).^[xix]

Similarly, the usual design among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B, for instance, tiandi 天地 "heaven and earth" and nannü 男女 "men and women". Yinyang meaning "dark and light; female person and male person; moon and sun", withal, is an exception. Scholars accept proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this blueprint, including "linguistic convenience" (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that "proto-Chinese society was matriarchal", or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was "purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions".^[nineteen]

History [edit]

Needham discusses Yin and Yang together with 5 Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that information technology would exist proper to begin with Yin and Yang earlier 5 Elements because the former: "lay, every bit information technology were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the nigh ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But information technology so happens that we know a proficient deal more well-nigh the historical origin of the Five-Chemical element theory than about that of the Yin and the Yang, and it volition therefore be more convenient to deal with it outset."^[20] He and so discusses Zou Yan ( 鄒衍 ; 305 – 240 BC) who is nigh associated with these theories. Although Yin and Yang are not mentioned in whatever of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known every bit the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School) Needham concludes "At that place can exist very little dubiety that the philosophical use of the terms began almost the showtime of the -quaternary century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this utilise are interpolations fabricated later than that time."^[twenty]

Nature [edit]

In Daoist philosophy, night and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.^[21]  Information technology becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circumvolve), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water volition radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more than. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its superlative, it volition naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk nearly yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together equally parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the height). A way to illustrate this idea is^{[ citation needed ]} to postulate the notion of a race with merely women or simply men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Still, women and men together create new generations that permit the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.^[22] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the sea, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rising transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and abound upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential summit, it volition fall. Too, the growth of the top seeks light, while roots abound in darkness.

Certain catchphrases take been used to express yin and yang complementarity:^[23]

• The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
• Affliction is the doorway to health.
• Tragedy turns to comedy.
• Disasters turn out to exist blessings.

Modern usage [edit]

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady identify' or 'due north gradient') is the dark area occluded by the mountain'south majority, while yang (literally the "sunny place' or "southward slope") is the brightly lit portion. Every bit the lord's day moves beyond the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized every bit slow, soft, yielding, lengthened, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destructiveness, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sunday, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creativeness, and daytime.^[24]

Yin and yang also applies to the human torso. In traditional Chinese medicine expert health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.^[25] If yin and yang become unbalanced, i of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching [edit]

Symbol surrounded past trigrams

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou catamenia (c. thousand–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,^[26] yin and yang are represented by cleaved and solid lines: yin is broken (⚋) and yang is solid (⚊). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.yard. ☱) or more yin (e.g. ☵) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., ☰ is heavily yang, while ☷ is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.thou. ䷕ and ䷟). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines inside the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu [edit]

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally "Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate"). The term is normally used to hateful the simple "divided circumvolve" form, merely may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such equally the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic fine art and Roman shield markings.^{[27] [28] [29]}

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to stand for the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are reverse in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is e'er yin within yang and always yang within yin.^[30]

T'ai chi ch'uan [edit]

T'ai chi ch'uan or Taijiquan ( 太極拳 ), a grade of martial fine art, is frequently described as the principles of yin and yang practical to the human body and an animate being torso. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan every bit follows:

Various people have offered unlike explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – 'In terms of self-cultivation, ane must railroad train from a state of movement towards a country of stillness. Taiji comes near through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, i is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not all the same divided autonomously.' Others say: 'Every motion of Taijiquan is based on circles, but like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.

—Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan^[31]

Encounter also [edit]

• Dualistic cosmology
  • Shatkona
• Enantiodromia
• Flag of Mongolia
• Flag of Republic of korea
• Flag of Tibet
• Fu Xi
• Gankyil
• Huangdi Neijing
• Ometeotl
• Onmyōdō
• T'ai chi ch'uan
• Taegeuk
• Tomoe
• Zhuangzi

References [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ "The hidden meanings of yin and yang - John Bellaimey". TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 Baronial 2013.
2. ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN978-0-415-85881-6.
3. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. "Chinese Religions." Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150-151.
4. ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine . MIT Press. ISBN0-262-16058-vii.
5. ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN978-0-918860-17-0 – via Google Books.
6. ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. two. New York: Rosen Publishing Grouping. p. 869. ISBN978-0-8239-4079-0.
7. ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
8. ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, "Studies on Archaic Chinese", translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
9. ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
10. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Quondam Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
11. ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326-378.
12. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Printing, 2007. p. 168, 180, 558.
13. ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
14. ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein'due south Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
15. ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in ii embassies from the Due east-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, Full general Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: "The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Grade or Sign receives from the ii fore-mention'd Ancestry of Yn or Yang."
16. ^ William Jones Boone, "Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language," Chinese Repository 19, 1850, 375: "... when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Nifty Extreme, it means that the Bully Extreme is in the midst of the agile-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not outside to, or dissever from the Yin-yáng."
17. ^ Carl Jung, "Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self", in The Collected Works of C. 1000. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume nine, Part ii, p. 58" "[The vision of "Rise of Isaiah"] might hands be a description of a 18-carat yang-yin relationship, a moving-picture show that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does non damage monotheism in whatsoever way, since information technology unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated equally "God")."
18. ^ For case, the Huainanzi says" "At present, the lumber is not so of import equally the forest; the forest is not so of import every bit the pelting; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so of import equally harmony; and harmony is non then of import equally the Fashion. (12, 材不及林，林不及雨，雨不及陰陽，陰陽不及和，和不及道 ; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
19. ^ ^{a b} Roger T. Ames, "Yin and Yang", in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
20. ^ ^{a b} Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in People's republic of china Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
21. ^ Muller, Charles. "Daode Jing". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
22. ^ Robin R. Wang "Yinyang (Yin-yang)". Cyberspace Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 9 March 2018.
23. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, page 33
24. ^ Osgood, Charles E. "From Yang and Yin to and or but." Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
25. ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with item reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Fall;eighteen(ane):132-43.
26. ^ The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou ( 周易 Zhōu yì). Various mod scholars advise dates ranging betwixt the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its electric current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five Confucian Classics (2001), p. 228.
27. ^ Giovanni Monastra: "The "Yin–Yang" among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine," "Sophia," Vol. 6, No. two (2000)
28. ^ "Late Roman Shield Patterns - Magister Peditum". www.ne.jp.
29. ^ Helmut Nickel: "The Dragon and the Pearl," Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, Fn. five
30. ^ Hughes, Kevin (2020). Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang. Independent. ISBN979-8667867869.
31. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). "T'AI CHI The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan Vol. 21 No. 3". T'ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049.

Works cited [edit]

• Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-994537-5.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.

• Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
• Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
• "Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang", by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang

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